New York (JTA) — Fewer American Jews today view anti-Semitism as a “very serious problem” in the United States compared to past years, but more continue to see anti-Semitism as a greater threat than intermarriage.
These are among the recently released results of an opinion survey of 1,015 Amercian Jews conducted by the American Jewish Committee. The survey has been conducted every year since 1997.
The study, with a three percent margin of error, explores Jews’ attitudes about a range of issues. Among the highlights on anti-Semitism:
• The number of Jews who view anti-Semitism as a “very serious problem” has declined to 26 percent from 32 percent last year and 40 percent in 1997. But 67 percent view it as “somewhat of a problem.”
• The number of Jews who agree that “virtually all positions of influence in the United States are open to Jews” is growing — 59 percent, compared to 51 percent last year and in 1997.
• Only 7 percent of American Jews say anti-Semitism is “not a problem at all,” a number consistent with previous findings.
• Thirty-nine percent of Jews surveyed continue to expect anti-Semitism to increase in the United States in the coming years. Slightly under half expect it to remain the same. Those numbers echo previous findings.
• Jews believe Muslims, the “religious right” and Arabs are the American groups most likely to be anti-Semitic. Forty-four percent of Jews said most or many Muslims are anti-Semitic, 46 percent said most or many religious right members and 43 percent said most or many Arabs are anti-Semitic.
• Only 5 percent believe most or many Asians are anti-Semitic and 19 percent believe most or many blacks are anti-Semitic.
Jewish identity
The percentage of Jews for whom being Jewish is “very important” is declining, 48 percent, down from 59 percent last year. This was the first year the number had dropped; in the past four years, the number had increased from 55 percent to 59 percent. Another 38 percent said being Jewish is “fairly important.”
The survey also found:
• “Being part of the Jewish people” is ranked as the most important piece of Jewish identity for 40 percent of those surveyed; 20 percent chose a commitment to social justice. A growing number — 21 percent this year — say “something else” is the most important aspect, more than religious observance (14 percent) or support for Israel (5 percent).
• Although only 5 percent listed support for Israel as the most important aspect of their Jewish identity, 72 percent agreed that “caring about Israel is a very important part of my being a Jew” and 96 percent said they feel close to Israel.
• The survey found few dramatic changes in the proportions of denominational affiliations. “Just Jewish” — with 33 percent — has become the largest category, and the only one that is growing. Conservative and Reform have hovered around 30 percent for the past five years; Orthodoxy has fluctuated between 7 and 10 percent, being the former this year.
Some Jewish sociologists caution against reading too much into changes in the survey’s findings because they have fluctuated considerably from year to year.
Gary Tobin, president of the San Francisco-based Institute for Jewish and Community Research, said, “What’s important is not so much what’s going up or down by a few percent but the consistency of certain values.”
According to Tobin, the survey has shown two major themes in the past five years when it comes to identity and anti-Semitism: Jews feel close to Israel, and “anti-Semitism is on the minds of American Jews.”
“In these questions you see typical Jewish anxiety,” he said.
David Singer, director of research for the AJCommittee, pointed to “an interesting split between the perceptions within the Jewish community at large and the overwhelming consensus of scholarly opinion.”
“If you went to most scholars, they would say historically there has been a significant decline in anti-Semitism in the United States, and Jews have entered the mainstream fully; but that is not the perception among American Jews at large,” Singer said.
Abraham Foxman, national director of the Anti-Defamation League, said American Jews consistently report in surveys that while they believe conditions for Jews are improving, they “do not feel it’s secure.”
“After Sept. 11 and after Durban, Jews feel more vulnerable than they felt in a long time,” he said, referring to the United Nations racism conference earlier this year, where Israel was singled out as racist.
Increasingly more Jews see anti-Semitism as a greater threat than intermarriage, by proportions of 69 percent to 27 percent with the opposite perception. In 1997, the proportions were 61 percent and 32 percent, respectively.
The numbers may indicate what appears to be a declining concern among rank and file Jews about intermarriage. Last year’s AJCommittee survey found little opposition to intermarriage, with 78 percent of respondents saying rabbis should officiate at weddings between Jews and non-Jews.
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