Angry and frightened Jewish youth gathered in the 19th district of northern Paris Monday evening to show support for a 17-year-old Jewish boy who was beaten with metal bars while on his way to synagogue Saturday evening.
Hospital officials said Monday that Rudy Haddad was temporarily out of a medically induced coma and was “doing better.” But his condition did little to quell anger among French Jews over the latest shock to their community.
Angst has intensified in areas such as the 19th district, where interethnic violence between Muslims and blacks of immigrant origin and the Jews living among them has grown more frequent.
The tensions continue despite a decline in the number of anti-Semitic attacks since the period between 2000 and 2004, which saw a sharp increase.
To many, Saturday’s incident was an unexpectedly violent yet anticipated result of such a divisive atmosphere.
The incident has grabbed headlines here and renewed debate about the surge of interethnic violence. It also has raised new questions about whether French authorities are doing enough to protect the Jewish community.
While French officials quickly condemned the attack, most fell short of identifying the crime as anti-Semitic, saying the police first needed to complete their investigation.
French President Nicolas Sarkozy told reporters while visiting Israel this week that he was “shocked by what happened to a young French boy, on the pretext that he was wearing a kipah,” the AFP news agency reported.
In an initial presidential statement Sunday, Sarkozy denounced the attack but did not draw such conclusions.
On Tuesday, Paris police were still looking into possible motives for the beating. Paris public prosecutors said they would be looking into what they called “voluntary violence in a group, aggravated by an anti-Semitic character and the non-assistance of a person in danger.”
According to the daily France-Soir on Monday, police sources believe Haddad was involved in a dispute between Jewish and black boys and was attacked two hours later, when he was alone. Various reports said 15 to 30 young blacks attacked.
Police confirmed that Haddad had been held for questioning with three friends in 2007 for involvement in an interethnic dispute.
Yet in the Jewish community, especially in the poor, multiethnic 19th arrondissement where the incident took place, few doubted that Haddad was targeted because he was wearing a kipah and was an identifiable Jew.
On Tuesday, France’s newly elected chief rabbi, Gilles Bernheim, shifted his stance on the anti-Semitic nature of Haddad’s attack.
The day before, he had told French news media that it was “probable” but “not certain” that Haddad was beaten because he was Jewish. Tuesday morning he told French Radio J, a Jewish station, that the incident was “something vile and notoriously anti-Semitic.”
While Jewish leaders in the 19th district were discussing an organized response to the incident, 150 Jewish youth and some adults spontaneously met near the scene of the crime on Monday for a second consecutive evening to protest the attack.
“It was senseless, and it could just as well have been me because I’m Jewish,” said David Sebban, 17, who spoke with his hands clasped before him, visibly angered and saddened.
As he spoke, a crowd of young Jews rushed to testify of their growing fears for their security in the neighborhood. Some said they would like to take revenge on the next group of “Arabs” they crossed, referring to Muslim immigrants of North African origin.
Most of the kipah-wearing boys and observant girls spoke soberly of increasing tensions in the neighborhood, which includes the largest Jewish community in Paris.
Though no official statistics exist, community leaders estimate that 25,000 to 30,000 Jews live in the 19th district, while roughly 200,000 live in Paris and its suburbs.
The district had the largest recorded number of anti-Semitic incidents within the French capital in 2007. Last year, 29 incidents were recorded there, compared to 15 in 2006. This contrasts with two or three reported incidents in areas closer to central Paris in 2007.
“We don’t want to go out of the house anymore,” said a petite Helena Sitbon, 15.
Officials and community leaders have noted a recent rise in interethnic skirmishes among neighborhood youths. They often take place on Saturdays, when many of the neighborhood’s low-income Jews gather between Shabbat morning and evening services at a nearby park and are easily identifiable.
This incident is a reminder of the 2006 anti-Semitic murder of Ilan Halimi, who was kidnapped and tortured before his body was left on a Paris street.
The latest incident prompted some to question the French government’s response to the threat of anti-Semitism in French society. Some Jews in the 19th district expressed frustration Monday with officials and the French news media for declining to identify Saturday’s incident as anti-Semitic.
“The government makes an effort,” said Joseph Cattan, 60. “But if everything they’ve done until now still hasn’t worked, it means they need to do more.”
Yet CRIF, the umbrella organization of the Jewish community, and the International League Against Racism and Anti-Semitism thought the government’s swift condemnation of the attack was appropriate.
“I think their reaction was sufficient,” said Marc Knobel, a CRIF representative and a researcher on anti-Semitism in Europe. “It was quick, and it shows that those in power take this very seriously. They showed their solidarity, and reminded everyone that hurting a Jew is the same as hurting France. There is nothing as powerful as saying that.”
Knobel and many other community leaders warned that though they believed Haddad was attacked for being a Jew, the government was right to exercise caution before publicly announcing motives for the crime.
Every reported anti-Semitic act further frightens the Jewish population, which has become more insular since this rise in anti-Jewish violence.
Other Jews said that police authorities and newspapers such as the daily Le Monde tended toward a purely gang-related explanation for the attack because they were ashamed of their failure to ensure the safety of the country’s Jewish population.
“They’ll try to do everything to turn this into a common offense,” said Rabbi Michel Bouskila, the 19th district Jewish Community Council president. “If we say it is anti-Semitic, it means they have failed, it says the government hasn’t done anything.”
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